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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a communicable respiratory disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus that causes illness in humans. The disease is caused by a pathogen called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 and can be transmitted from person to person through infected air droplets that are projected during sneezing or coughing. The coronavirus disease has generally affected all sectors of the society, including the health sector and reproductive health in particular. Reproductive health contributes greatly to physical and psychosocial comfort and closeness between individuals. Adequate and balanced reproductive health can be impaired and deprived by diseases, abuse, exploitation, unwanted pregnancy, and death. This review paper looked into possible effects of COVID-19 pandemic on reproductive health. Human and nonhuman primate literatures were examined to extract empirical data detailing the impact of COVID-19 on reproductive health. Literatures were sourced from Ovid MEDLINE, SCOPUS, the Cochrane Library, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, PROQUEST, PUBMED, and Web of Science. Experimental and clinical evidence were used to examine whether COVID-19 adversely impacted on the reproductive health of infected and non-infected population. The global outbreak of COVID-19 has led to measures driven by the pandemic, to prevent further spread and effectual treatment of those affected. This has literally caused decrease in sexual and reproductive health care services due to global lockdowns and closures of health sectors deemed to be non-essential in combating the disease.
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As with many other male-dominated sports, for over a century of its history, Australian Rules Football organizations resisted and undermined women's participation in the game. The first league for women footballers commenced in Victoria in 1981. Since then, the growth in women's participation has been substantial, and in 2017, a professional women's Australian Football League (AFLW) commenced. The next phase of the participation of women in football is approaching, and heralds an opportunity for women to (re)gain power within the sport. In October 2019, thirty percent of women players rejected the proposed Collective Bargaining Agreement from the Australian Football League (AFL), with the underlying sentiment of wanting a stronger voice in the vision for the future of their game. This paper examines how changing participation rates in community football can transform the narrative of women's football from one of subsidized welfare to women players being necessary for the survival of football.
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A great deal of work argues that the entry of women into public spaces can promote political and institutional change. The COVID-19 provides an opportunity to investigate whether and under what conditions women's political representation in rural local governments deliver effective local governance? Drawing from two rounds of data collected in 174 local governments and 1051 households in three Indian states, the paper shows that women Pradhans in the Gram Panchayats had no differential impact on the governance response to COVID-19 compared to the unreserved ones. Analyzing the heterogeneity in these responses suggests that institutional factors like the proportion of women in village council and local entrepreneurship diversity can enhance women Pradhan's capacity to respond to the pandemic. We explore two channels that enable women Pradhan to govern effectively during the pandemic: improving women's participation in the labor force and reducing household's vulnerability to poverty in the pre-COVID period.
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Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PPPD in Anuradhapura district, its association with maternal PPD, and relevant risk factors. Materials and methods: Cross sectional study was conducted among fathers in Anuradhapura district having infants 1-5 months by giving questionnaire specifically developed for the study with Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) and self-constructed questions. Out of 6324 fathers, 435 fathers and their partners were randomly selected and proportionately allocated to 5 Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas. R Program and SPSS have used for the data analysis. Results: Our results revealed that the PPPD prevalence is approximately 11% (95%CI: 8.08-14.67) based on cut off score of 7 points in the EPDS. PPPD was correlated with maternal PPD (OR 19.16, 95%CI 5.0473-85.1203), income decrement (OR 8.1571, 95%CI 2.4621-32.6289), increased time stayed at home in postpartum period (OR 3.7775, 95%CI 1.2365-13.8175). But other parameters such as infant's age, work time and number of children were not significantly influenced risk factors for PPPD. Conclusion: PPPD is prevalent in the Anuradhapura district and maternal postpartum depression has positively influenced. But currently, screening programmes for PPPD is lacking in Sri Lanka. Thus, these deficiencies urgently need to be addressed and should provide information and instructions to fathers regarding this new transition. However, these results need replication in more expanded case control study. Since the prevailing covid-19 pandemic at the time of data collection may have impacted the mental health of the fathers specially in countries like Sri Lanka, where mental health support is limited.
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The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the lives of collegiate student-athletes due to canceled sports seasons. This led to an increase in anxiety symptoms among Division III student-athletes. Collegiate female student-athletes have reported increased anxiety during the pandemic, but it is unknown if individualized or team sport athletes have similar anxiety symptoms. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between anxiety symptoms, gender, and sport-type of Division III student-athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. A Qualtrics survey assessed demographic information, concerns and worries surrounding the pandemic, and generalized anxiety symptoms using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7). Participants were male and female Division III collegiate student-athletes in New Jersey Athletic Conference (NJAC) during the 2020-2021 fall, winter, and spring sports-seasons. They were categorized as either an individual athlete or a team sport athlete. Chi-square analyses and prevalence ratios were conducted on SPSS version 27. There were significant differences between male and female GAD-7 responses X2= 30.119 (df=3, n=435), p=.000. There were no significant differences between non-gender specific sport-type athletes and anxiety. Female individual sport athletes were three times more likely to report mild-severe anxiety symptoms than female team sport athletes (PR=3.2, 95% CI, 1.66-6.16, p=0.000). In conclusion, female individual sport athletes were at greater risk for reporting anxiety symptoms compared to female team sport athletes, male individual sport athletes, and male team sport athletes. The application of sports is that associated colleges need to provide additional assistance in counseling, telehealth, and social support to collegiate student-athletes to help lessen the mental distress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Research documenting the impact of COVID-19 on Two-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (2SLGBTQ+) populations in Canada is limited. Our objectives were to investigate the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on the lives of trans, nonbinary, and other gender nonconforming (TGNC) people. Engage COVID-19 is a mixed methods study examining the impact of COVID-19 on gay, bisexual, queer, and other men who have sex with men (GBQM) living in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal, Canada. Using purposive sampling, we conducted in-depth qualitative interviews (between November 2020-February 2021 and June-October 2021) with 93 participants who discussed the impact of COVID-19 on their lives. Seventeen participants were identiAed as TGNC. TGNC participants reported barriers to trans healthcare during the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several participants indicated that some public health interventions during COVID-19 (i.e., lockdowns) eased the pressure to "perform" gender due to fewer in-person interactions. During lockdowns, TGNC participants increasingly cultivated community networks online. Nevertheless, participants reported longing for the social support that was available to them during pre-COVID. Lack of access to community spaces during lockdowns had a negative impact on participants' mental health, despite reduced pressure to perform gender and opportunities for social engagement in online spaces.
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The Covid-19 pandemic had a devastating impact on the world of work in India. It resulted in unprecedented job and income losses, reinforcing the adverse labour market situation of women. There was a significant contraction in demand as the crisis unfolded, and the effects of this contraction was exacerbated by an increase in the demand for unpaid care work as a result of business and school closures, and return migration. Return migration of working-age men pulled women out of employment, particularly in rural areas. Job and income losses and lower household income pushed women towards employment as a survival strategy to supplement family income, a strategy captured in the term "added-worker effect." We postulate that the net result of these competing forces on women's employment is ambiguous and investigate the pattern of rural women's labour supply during the Covid-19 pandemic. The paper uses a mixed methods approach. Factors that played a determining role in changes to the labour force status of women-broadly classified through focus group discussions with women in selected rural areas-were further probed through econometric analysis. The main factors were loss of employment by members of the household, changes in household size during the period as migrants returned home, shifts in the time women spent on unpaid care work, and the number of young children in a household. The impact of these factors on entry into and exit from employment were estimated for both women and men in rural and urban India, using data from the Centre for Monitoring the Indian Economy (CMIE) Consumer Pyramids Household Survey (CPHS). The findings show complex coping strategies at the household level where women's work-paid and unpaid-plays a critical role.
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This article discussed the importance of women's health in the growth and development of societies and emphasized the need to prioritize women's health challenges in health programs. The Health Policy Research Center in Shiraz, Iran, had launched the International Conference on Women's Health in 2011 to address interdisciplinary approaches to women's health. The Islamic World Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization had recommended the tagline "Healthy Women, Healthy World" and emphasized the priority of women's health in their activities. The article outlines the topics that were discussed at the 11th International Conference on Women's Health (ICWH 2022), including maternal health during the pandemic, new approaches to maternal health, sustainable development goals and maternal health, mental and physical health during the pandemic, intimate partner violence against women, and health systems and women's health. The article highlights the need for research-informed policies, continuous evaluation, and implementation of programs to promote women's health.
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The objective of this research was to identify some general characteristics or rural women. Sources of information on which rural woman rely in the areas of health and prevention and their relative importance. The availability.utilization and relative importance of village health services and activities. Level of rural women's knowledge of health and preventive measures in the five areas studied. namely (health education. healthy nutrition. first aid. reproductive health and family planning. prevention of coronavirus) their relative importance and their relationship with independent variables studied. Measuring the gap between the degree of actual and total knowledge of rural women. Level and relative importance of rural women's practice of health and preventive actions in the five areas considered. correlations between them and the above- mentioned independent variables. and Level of rural women's knowledge of health and preventive actions. Measuring the gap between actual and total practice of rural women. this research was conducted in some villages in Sharkia Governorate. The research sample was 168 rural households and data was collected from January to March 2022. One of the most important findinds of the research is the average level of rural women's knowledge. A significant correlation between the degree of rural women's knowledge of health and preventive actions. the trend towards change and the level of exposure to information source and an inverse correlation with wife age. psychological stress and husband age. Rural women's practice is high. A significant association was found wih monthly gourd. the trend towards change. exposure to information sources.
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This paper studies the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indonesia's labor market by exploiting the exogeneous timing of the pandemic in a seasonal difference-in-differences framework. The analysis uses multiple rounds of Indonesia's National Labor Force Survey from 2016 to 2020 to establish a pre-pandemic employment trend and then attribute any excess difference in employment outcomes from this trend as the estimated effect of the pandemic on individual employment outcomes. The results suggest that the pandemic has had mixed effects on the Indonesian labor market. While the pandemic has narrowed the gender gaps in employment participation through the "added worker effect" among women, it has also lowered the overall employment quality among both gender groups. The findings show that the increase in female employment is primarily driven by women in rural areas without high school education, entering informal work, agricultural employment, or unpaid family work. For men, the pandemic has had adverse impacts on their employment across the board in all sub-populations. Consistent with findings from other studies, steeper employment declines are observed in urban areas, particularly among males. Among those employed, both women and men work fewer hours and earn lower wages.
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The research aimed to identify the behavior of rural women towards food safety and quality at Damanhour Distrct, the simple random sample amounted to 240 respondents, representing 5% of the total. The data were collected through a personal interview by questionnaire. The most important results were: 47.9% of the respondents have a low and medium total level of knowledge of food safety and quality, and 59.5% of them have a low and medium level of implementation of those practices, 52.1% have a negative and neutral attitude towards these practices, 68.3% believe that they have not been previously infected with Covid 19, and 49.2% have not taken the vaccine for Covid 19, the All agreed on the availability of the vaccine, 35% of the respondents have a low and medium level of knowledge of practices related to food safety and quality under Covid 19, and 50.8% have a low and medium level of implementation of those practices. Also, five independent variables together explain 65.4% of the total variance in the respondents' knowledge of practices related to food safety and quality, four independent variables together explain about 62.3% of the total variance in the implementation of practices related to food safety and quality by the respondents. And seven independent variables together explain about 55.4% of the total variance in the attitudes of the rural women respondents towards food safety and quality.
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This report first describes the context of the agriculture sector in Libya and in the south of the country, the impact of the ongoing conflict in the country since 2011 and of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the specific configuration of the sectors in the south of the country. Secondly, it describes the main challenges in the value chains and added value of selected major crops cultivated in the south of Libya, providing an analysis and assessment of the cooperatives and associations in the region with significant involvement and participation of women. The value chains and added value have been evaluated and characterized for four crops (tomatoes, watermelons, mangos and dates). The study found the value chains of the assessed crops to be highly deficient, with almost no proper postharvest handling practices, and there is an almost total lack of added value. Surveys, interviews and studies in the region have identified three types of involvement of women in food and/or agriculture: (1) very few women are members of classical agricultural cooperatives;(2) some women are members of civil society organizations (CSOs) involved in agricultural and/or food activities;and (3) many individual women not associated with groups, associations and cooperatives perform some agricultural and/or food activities.
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This article reports on a Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) technical assistance project entitled "Support to the implementation of mariculture in Kenya within an ecosystem approach", which supported pilot seaweed culture sites, with a specific focus on best management practices for production, post-harvest management and value addition. The article highlights the benefits reaped by the Kibuyuni Seaweed Women, one of five seaweed groups supported by the project.
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Background: Premature infants usually don't have optimal breastfeeding. Given the insufficient awareness and lack of support of mothers can lead to the discontinuation of breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of telephone monitoring of mothers throughout the breastfeeding period in preterm infants.
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This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate Coronavirus (Covid-19) phobia situations of Physical Education and Sports Teachers during the pandemic process and to examine the relationship with their life engagements. The scope of the study consists of 395 Physical Education and Sports Teachers working in Battalgazi and Yesilyurt central districts of Malatya province in 2021.141 people included in sample were reached by Simple Random Sampling Method. The Personal Information Form, the Coronavirus-19 Phobia, and Life Engagement Scale was used as a data collection tool. Independent Samples T, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were used in Statistical analysis. 56% of the participants are female, 51.1% of them are married and 78.7% of them are undergraduate graduates. The average of Coronavirus-19 phobia is 52.66, and the average of life commitment is 25.37. Considering the coronavirus-19 phobia by gender, the average of women (56.47) is higher than men (47.81). Female Physical Education and Sports Teachers experience Coronavirus-19 phobia significantly more than males. In addition, Coronavirus-19 is significantly higher in teachers who are worried about the increase in the number of cases. The average life engagement of the participants is high while their Coronavirus-19 scores are moderate. There is no significant relationship between increased life engagement and Coronavirus-19 phobia. In conclusion, the increase in the life engagement of Physical Education and Sports Teachers during the pandemic process decreases the phobia of Coronavirus-19, albeit slightly. However, this is not a significant decrease. Anxiety about Covid-19 increases the phobia and female teachers have more phobias. The fact that women are more interested in news, comments and statistics about Covid-19 disease increases their phobias. Life engagement can have positive effects on people's mental structures. Directing the individuals with high Covid-19 phobia to the activities that will increase their life engagement may contribute to reducing their phobias.
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This study aimed to identify how rural women and LGBTs, in their diversity, carried out actions to confront COVID-19, having as main foundations popular peasant feminism and gender relations, reinventing their forms of struggle. The methodological procedures are based on militant research, which guides towards a transformative action. Among the main results and reflections, the debates start from the conception of a capitalist, patriarchal, racist, xenophobic and LGBT-phobic society. The actions of struggle and resistance were carried out in solidarity campaigns, denouncements of the denialist and genocidal actions of the Federal Government, the fight for PLs 735/2020 and 823/2021, national and international conferences, defense of the Unified Health System (SUS), tree planting, and reorganizing and reinventing the use of social networks to stay connected.
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In Brazil, during the COViD-19 pandemic, the deepening of the issue of serious food insecurity and violence against women became one of the main impacts enhanced by the stance adopted by the government of Jair Messias Bolsonaro. In view of this, different subjects, organized into socio-territorial movements in the countryside and in the city, carried out resistance actions to mitigate these problems, with solidarity as a nucleating element. This work analyzes the actions of peasant women in food donation campaigns based on the paradigmatic debate, through bibliographic surveys, systematization of quantitative data and interviews. Women are at the center of actions aimed at the campaigns, characterized by the diversity of identities of the participating subjects, with donations of lunch-boxes, baskets, hygiene/cleaning products, etc. Such actions are based on the Paradigm of the Agrarian Question, as they seek to overcome the structural problems of capital and propose socio-territorial changes for a new model of society, based on social justice and the promotion of popular agrarian reform.
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Senegal reported its first case of COVID-19 on 2 March 2020. The government responded within two weeks, introducing preventive measures to slow the spread of the virus, including the declaration of a public health emergency, border closures, and the prohibition of intercity travel and gatherings. This brief presents the results of a telephone survey conducted approximately three months after the declaration of the state of emergency and shows how Senegalese women and adolescent girls (n=3003) living in rural areas have experienced the crisis. Survey results are discussed under the following headings: (1) preventive measures;(2) aid and assistance;(3) information and perceptions;(4) consequences of COVID-19;and (5) trends in food security and women's wellbeing.
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This paper is about revisiting the famed Kerala "Model" of Development. It covers a period of six decades, from 1960 to 2020. The remarkable achievements of the State of Kerala in India in basic human development indicators despite a very low per capita income had attracted the attention of development economists and other social scientists interested in the development of poor economies. However, it was often referred to as a case of "high human development with low per capita income". This paper traces the trajectory of high human development that ultimately resulted in high economic growth in terms of two phases of growth. It measures that the early demographic transition, that is a result of high human development, itself contributed to a high per capita income growth in the second phase. The sustaining of the high growth was also a direct result of human development through large scale emigration of adult males to the Gulf countries for employment resulting in a long-term trend in remittances to the Kerala economy. The role of favourable initial conditions and a vibrant public sphere has been highlighted to emphasize the role of public action in demanding the delivery of human development services from the sub-national state. In this otherwise positive scenario, the paper notes the highly skewed nature of the high growth process with a diminishing role for the commodity-producing sectors of agriculture and industry. It has adversely affected employment generation to the increasing working age population. Official measurement of unemployment has been argued as inadequate and in its place the concept of under-utilization of labour has been highlighted. The problem of high unemployment (those seeking work) and under-utilization of labour (both seeking and not seeking work) has been shown to be considerably higher for women than men. This has resulted in the under-utilization of the labour of a significant share of educated women in the working age population. This problem has been termed as a "spectacular failure" on the part of the state. The failure is rooted in the inability of the state to manage public finance as well as public investments. Three examples of these "state failures" are: (a) a declining revenue collection efficiency, (b) persisting loss of the public sector enterprises, and (c) waste of public resources due to time and cost overruns in public investments in basic infrastructure. The outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 in the background of the massive floods of August 2018 is portrayed as the beginning of a new challenge for Kerala's development trajectory.
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Market gardening is an important contributor to food security and to the livelihoods of households in sub-Saharan Africa. Women represent an important share of this activity. Our goal in the present article is to draw attention to an overlooked area of the world that echoes many other situations. What is it like being a woman market gardener in Kinshasa? Using a qualitative methodology, we show that this strongly gendered activity is an important opportunity for women. However, they face a multiplicity of threats, intensified by their gender, regarding access to land, possibilities to organize, gender norms, and rights.